Afghanistan –country situated between the Middle East and the Indian-Pakistani Space

Afghanistan –country situated between the Middle East and the Indian-Pakistani Space and named by Arnold Toynbee ‘crossroads of the ancient world’ thanks to its geopolitical position in the Greater Middle East.

 To its east lies the great Muslim neighbor Pakistan, where many Taliban afghan leaders took refuge, permanent source of Islamic fundamentalism. West of Afghanistan lies the Iran of Shia faith and north of it, the former soviet republics, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

A narrow territorial corridor called Wakhan assures an isolated and odd connection with China, just like the Namibian Caprivi Strip, both of them being inherited colonial creations which amplify the ethnic tensions more then they fix them, (see Namibia).

Afghanistan is shattered by numerous interethnic wars, especially after proclaiming its independence in 1919 when it becomes a monarchy. After 1973 when it declares itself a republic under the leadership of Muhammad Daud, Afghanistan becomes the scene of struggles for power between the Islamic conservatory parties and the reformatory ones backed up by the two great military powers (USSR and USA) from the 1980’s.

In 1979, the new president, Babrak Karmal solicits the intervention of the soviet army in order to fix the political situation in this country which was powerfully divided between tribes. The soviets’ involvement results in more chaos. They lose until 1988 (the year of their retreat) over 15 thousand troops and their ideological influence which they would have wanted to use in the region.

The civil war generates a race for arming the over 20 ethnical and religious groups in the region: Tajiks as well as Uzbeks and Turkmens in the north, Pashtuns and Hazara in the center, Baloch in the south and Hindus. These are helped by the US, which also support the Mujahedeen and Taliban. Hundreds of millions of dollars from CIA accounts went to the Tajik tribes from the further north and to the Pashtun, because they were the ones that fought with determination and success against the soviet troops.

 At the same time, the USSR supported the communist government, which has as consequences loss of human lives (1.5 million civils), 5 million refugees at the end of the soviet occupation spread all around Pakistan and Iran and huge material damage.

After the numerous peace treaties and the UN intervening end the war, power goes to the Mujahedeen and the radical Taliban that proclaim an Islamic republic with a harsh internal policy, which hinder fundamental rights and liberties.

The retreat of the soviets was the moment when things complicated because Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Israel started funding various ethnic groups. This allowed for the creation of small armies which proved to be hard to defeat in the USA’s war with the Taliban.

The association of the Taliban government with the Al Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden and the help given in the terrorist attacks in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, in 1998 and the WTC in 2001 gave birth to the USA’s violent answer and the foundation of a coalition against terrorism whose members span countries all over the world.

Nowadays, the government’s and the president’s authority (Hamid Karzai, the first one democratically elected followed by Ashraf Ghani in 2014) barely exceeds the Kabul’s margins. In other parts of the country, self-proclaimed regional rulers and members of the feared Panjshiri mafia (opium business, domain where the country is the world leader) have control over more than 80% of the territory.

The medium life expectancy in Afghanistan is 44 years, the urbanization rate is below 30% and in the UN’s Human Development Index this country is somewhere near the last places. Only a fifth of the population has access to potable water and the alphabetization rate is only 28%. All these elements signify a collapsing state because of the continuous wars in the last century.

According to the classification by Robert Cooper, Afghanistan is a pre-modern state, a kind of ‘terra nullius’ where the different ethnic and religious groups (see the Hazara people’s situation from the country’s center, religiously persecuted because of their belonging to the Sunni current) organize the land based on feudal principles.

This state’s conflict’s situation is an extremely volatile one, the Taliban insurgency still being very active (the last terrorist attacks from January 2018 with booby-trapped cars destabilize the country), the opium mafia being very strong and the Iran’s and Pakistan’s influence growing amongst the poor population.

President Ashraf Ghani is making constant appeals to the Taliban leader, Maulvi Haibatullah Akhunzadah regarding truces or peace negotiations, however they desire direct conversations with US officials, who they consider “foreign occupation’’. The civil war continues despite the timid democratic evolutions regarding free will and the creation of powerful institutions with the help of the coalition against terrorism  

The positive results of the measures taken by the aforementioned coalition lead by the United States are also visible. The medical and education systems look better now. Nearly 6 million refugees from the neighboring countries have returned to their homes; there exists a pretty strong, well-trained and equipped army and over 8 million children who go to school including 3 million girls.

Adscharien-Republik/Gebiet mit autonomem Status, innerhalb Georgiens

 

Adscharien-Republik/Gebiet mit autonomem Status, innerhalb Georgiens, be
findet sich im Südwesten des Landes, an der Grenze mit der Türkei,  ist von Adjari bewohnt ,einem ethnischen georgischen Unterzweig der muslimischen Religion. Die Spannungen zwischen Adscharien und Tibilisis Regierung erreichen ihren Höhepunkt im Jahr 2003, nachdem Mikhail Saakashvili zur  Macht kommt.Damit kommt   Aslan Abașidzes  20jahriger Mafia Regime  zu Ende.

Der Anführer der selbsternannten autonomen Republik zerbombt drei strategische Brücken,die  Adscharien von Georgien  über den Choloki-Fluss verbanden, was das Land an der Schwelle eines neuen Bürgerkriegs führt.

 

Dieser mafiothische Führer ist durch die Demonstrationen im Mai 2004, von Batum( Hauptstadt der Region) , die von Saakaschwilis Männer orchestriert wurden,gezwungen, nach Moskau zu fliehen. Auf dieser Weise wurde, in der ,die sich eine zweite Abchasien werden wollte die Verfassungsordnung wiederhergestellt  .

 

Auch so ist Adjariei Status weiterhin ungewiss,die  interreligiösen Spannungen bleiben aktiv, bestimmte Einflussgruppen in Ankara und Moskau wurden von Interventionismus in die inneren Angelegenheiten Georgiens beschuldigt.

Adjara- rather a territory with an autonomous statute, in Georgia

 

A republic or rather a territory with an autonomous statute, included in Georgia, situated in the south-west of this country at the border with Turkey. In it live mostly Adjarians, an ethnical branch of Muslim Georgians. 

The latent tensions between Adjara and the Tbilisi government reach a climax in 2003, after in power comes Mikhail Saakasvili who wants to shut down the corrupt regime imposed by the Adjarian leader Aslan Abasidze for the past 20 years.

The ruler of the self-proclaimed republic orders Adjarian militia to destroy three strategically placed bridges over the river Choloki that connected Adjara to Georgia in order to disrupt any physical or juridical tie to Georgia but this gesture brings the country on the verge of civil war.

The Adjarian separatist leader is forced by the Batumi demonstrations (the capital of the republic) from May 2004, which are orchestrated by the Georgian authorities, to run to Moscow, thereby reestablishing the constitutional order in the place, which wanted to become the second Abkhazia.

Even so, Adjara’s statute is still uncertain, the interreligious tensions remaining active, some influence groups form Ankara and Moscow having been accused of intervening in Georgia’s internal affairs.

Georgia is an unique case in the Caucasian region because it insists very much on Euro- Atlantic integration, on being accepted into NATO in spite of Russian threats.

Abchasien (Abkhazeti)-ist eine autonome Republik,die im nordwestlichen Teil von Georgien liegt

Abchasien (Abkhazeti) -  stellt die Art, der selbstständigen Einheit dar, die Russland  politisch und finanziell im ganzen Ex-sowjetischen Raum unterstützt, um unabhängige Staaten,die  im Jahr 1991 entstanden,  solide und demokratische Gesellschaften zu strukturieren, zu vermeiden, auch auf deren heterogenen ethnischen Hintergrund.

Abchasien ist eine autonome Republik,die im nordwestlichen Teil von  Georgien liegt, im Nordkaukasus, aber mit großer Öffnung zur Kolhida Ebene und mit Ausweg zum Schwarzmeer, im Westen.

Es ist die Art der Post-sowjetischen Region mit unsicherem Status, international  nur von Russland und Nicaragua anerkannt und die an Georgia im Süden und im Osten und an  Russland und  an die autonome Karaceaevo-tscherkessische Republik im Norden  grenzt.

 Abchasien ist eine autonome Republik, innerhalb der Georgischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik (Gruzine) bereits seit 1921; sie bildet die Szene eines Bürgerkrieges zwischen 1991-1994, in dem die Streitkräfte der neulich unabhangigen Georgiens,  von den abchasischen Rebellen, die durch russische Krafte aus Militärstützpunkte im Gebiet des Landes noch vorhanden unterstuzt werden, besiegt wurde.

Obwohl die Georgier in Abchasien in der sowjetischen Zeit, die Mehrheit bildeten,wurden nach dem Krieg  200 000 von ihnen gezwungen,das Land zu verlassen,  was die Ethno-linguistische Struktur der Republik, zu Gunsten der Abhazen,  von Georgier und Russen gefolgt, andert.

Nach 1994 blieb die Situation des Konflikts  ungeregelt-nach Transnistriens Modell-und das  macht dass in diesem Teil von Georgien,  keine zentrale Staatsbehörde existiert, so dass die Republick auf dem Prinzip „ der Staat im Staate ", vor allem nach der Unabhängigkeitserklärung vor Georgien im Jahr 1999  funktioniert,aber mit finanzieller Unterstützung von Moskau, in allen Bereichen, von Renten bis zu Investitionen, siehe Transnistrien, Moldawien. 

Im Jahr 2008 befiehlt der georgische Präsident Mikhail Saakashvili den georgische Streitstruppen,die staatliche Kontrolle über Abchasien und Südossetien wiederherzustellen;  nach dem  brutalen Eingreif der russischen Truppen ist aber die georgische Armee  gezwungen, sich aus diesen Gebieten, nur 6 Tage nach dem Beginn der Offensive zurückzuziehen.

 

Das Ergebnis ist, dass die beiden Republiken von der Russischen Föderation, mit dem Status  autonomer Republik innerhalb es, erkannnt werden. Sie repräsentieren Enklaven im georgischen  Gebiet, als  Teil des allgemeinen Plans, die kalten Konflikte-die Bestandteile der heutigen geo-politischen Sicherheitzone Russlands- zu behalten. Siehe Georgien.

Abkhazia- autonomous republic in the north-west side of Georgia

 

Abkhazia- represents the type of autonomous entity that the Russian Federation politically and financially supports. They do this in order to stop the independent states resulted in 1991 from structuring solid and democratic societies.

Abkhazia is an autonomous republic situated in the north-west side of Georgia, on the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, having the Black Sea to its west. Its two neighbors except for Georgia are Russia to its east and he Karachay-Cherkess Republic to its north.

Abkhazia is the type of post-soviet region with an uncertain statute, recognized worldwide only by Russia and Nicaragua. An autonomous republic included in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic ever since 1921, Abkhazia was the scene of a civil war between 1991 and 1994. During this conflict, armed Georgian forces are defeated by the Abkhazian rebels and the Russian troops from the remaining military bases. These bases are still on Georgia’s territory.

Although Georgians were the majority in Abkhazia during the soviet period, after the war 200 000 of them are forced to leave which modifies the ethnical structure of the republic in favor of the Abkhazians.

After 1994, the situation of the conflict remained politically unregulated which made for an inexistent governmental authority in this part of Georgia, this republic functioning on the ‘deep state’ principle. This happened after Abkhazia’s independence claim in 1999, the small state receiving financial support by Russia in all domains. (for ‘deep state’ see Transnistria, Moldavian Republic)

In 2008, the Georgian president Mikhail Saakasvili orders the Georgian military to retake governmental control over Abkhazia and South Ossetia, however the brutal intervention of the Russian troops in the two republics forces the Georgian’s soldiers to retreat from these territories only 6 days after the start of the offensive.

The two separatist states are recognized by the Russian Federation, being a part of it as autonomous republics. In fact, Abkhazia and South Ossetia represent enclaves on Georgia’s territory, being a part of a general strategical plan of maintaining some conflicts frozen. They guard Russia as a geopolitical shield, assuring much desired stability

Posibila Unire România-R. Moldova

Conflictul din Kosovo-explicat

Originile conflictului din Kosovo. Dacă vă întrebați unde vor fi extensiile războiului actual, ar fi bine să vă uitați mai atent la fitilul sârbo/kosovar, la butoiul cu pulbere din Balcani, adică zona Kosovo- Republica Srpska din Bosnia- Serbia- Bosnia Herțegovina. Explicații simple ca să înțelegem contextul religios, strategic, geopolitic. Vă pupă proful Irașcu!