UN official days about conflicts

 

        27 january       International Holocaust Remembrance Day                                                                                                                                                                                   

      21 mars           International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

      25 mars           International Day for the Commemoration of Victims of Slavery and Transatlantic Trade with Slave

       7 april              International Day of Reflection on Genocide in Rwanda

      29 april            International Day of Commemoration of All Chemical War Victims

      8 may              World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day

      29 may             The UN Peacekeeping Force International Day

      4 june              International Day of Child Victims of Aggression

      20 june            Refugees Worl Day

      26 june            International Day for Supporting Torture Victims

      12 july             Malala Day    

      18 july             Nelson Mandela International Day

      19 august        World Day for Humanitarian Assistance

      29 august         International Day Against Nuclear Tests

      17 october       International Day for Eradication of Poverty

      6 november     International Day for the Prevention of Environmental Exploitation during War and Armed Conflict

      9 november     International Day Against Fascism and Anti-Semitism

      16 november   International Day of Tolerance

      25 november   International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women  

      29 november   International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People

      10 december    Human Rights Day

      18 december    International Day of  Migrants

Angola- state situated in Southern Africa, with a wide coastline

 

Angola-  state situated in Southern Africa, with a wide coastline. To its north, it has a border with the Democratic Republic of Congo, to its east with Zambia and to its south with Namibia.

The Angolan state was the scene of a civil war in 1975 when it proclaimed itself the People’s Republic of Angola. The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which had won the war, put Angola on its way to becoming a communist society, being supported by the ‘peacekeeping troops’ sent by Cuba and the USSR.

At the same time, another armed group that had a political party, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), was backed by the regime ruling South Africa and the international community.

A third faction going by the name of the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (NFLA), which was actually financed by the dictator Salazar’s Portugal, beneficiated from the help of communist Romania and other ‘friendly’ countries, with them receiving ammunition and weapons.

After a peace agreement between the bigger parties, NFLA and UNITA, mediated by Portugal and the UN in 1991, free elections are organized under international surveillance. This conflict in fact pitted against each other the two doctrines of the modern world, communism and capitalism, left behind 500 000 deaths and caused major damage to the Angolan economy.

Angola has a border dispute with the People’s Republic of Congo regarding the region of Cabinda. This is a territory located near where the Congo River flows into the Atlantic Ocean and they fight for control over it because both countries want the commercial and strategical advantages its position offers.

Cabinda is the exact definition of an exclave, being a country’s territory that is situated in another country or between two countries. Cabinda was named for a while Portuguese Congo and is a prosper region with a lot of petrol where rebel groups that wanted their independence from Angola activate. Even when it was destabilized by the civil war in 1975, Angola did not allow the factions from Cabinda to separate from it.

Algerien - ist ein Staat im Nordafrika, im Gebiet von Maghreb

 

Algerien - ist ein Staat im Nordafrika, im Gebiet von  Maghreb, wo auch Marokko und Tunesien liegen, das einen breiten Ausgang zum Mittelmeer hat. Algerien konfrontierte sich seit mehr als 20 Jahren mit einem Bürgerkrieg, der die  fundamentalistische Islamische Bewegung,das sogenannte Islamische Rettungsfront, den von dem Nationalbefreiungsfront durch Frankreich unterstuzten Regierungen entgegensetzt.

Obwohl sie als Gewinner in freien Wahlen  1991 auftauchten, konnten die FSI Islamisten nicht die Kraft ubernehmen, weil sowohl die  Interessen Frankreichs und der Europäischen Union für Öl und besonders algerier  Gas ,als auch die politische Sicherheit im Gebiet, sich vor dem Argument der  freien Wahlen setzte.Es folgte ein Buergerkrieg zwischen FIS Anhaenger und Regierungskraefte ,der bis 2000 eine Zahl von ueber 200000 Opfer hinterlies.

Nach den Wahlen  1999, die von Abdelaziz Bouteflika gewonnen wurden, werden die Bandenkämpfergruppen ermutigt, ihre Waffen abzugeben. Bis 2002 werden grosse Bemühung abgelegen, um die Zahl der Rebell-Gruppen und  der Terroristenangriffe zu sinken.
Ein anderer  empfindlicher Moment der zarten algerischen Demokratie war  die Reform des ,, Arabischen Fruehlings ", die 2011 anfangt,und  die zu  Protesten  geführt hat. Diese waren aber durch  kluge, von der Regierung getoffene Maßnahmen geringert. Es ist so vermieden worden, die Destabilisierung des Staates und der Falles der Regierung, so wie es in Tunesien, Libyen oder Ägypten geschah.

Mit dem Fortschritt von Al-qaeda und ISIS (ISIL) im Nordafrika, erscheint in Algerien die terroristische Organisation Mourabitoun,Teil einer größeren Organisation,  der Islamische Magreb, der seine Zugehoerigkeit  zum Al-qaeda ankündigt. Diese rebelle Organ isation löste eine Reihe von terroristischen Angriffen, mit Geiseln, auf einigen Erdölinstallationen im südlichen Teil von Algerien, aber auch in den Ländern Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger) aus.Das ganze fuhrt zum  vorläufigen Aufhören der Erdgaslieferungen und implizit zu  ökonomischen Problemen.
Diese Terroristaktionen  mit Einfluß in der magrebischen Gesellschaft führen zur Destabiliserung des teilweise gewuesteten  Gebiets, eigentlich der ganzen  Saharawuste, was auch den Streit mit ihren Nachbarn  betont. Einer  der Gründe  dafur ist auch die Zugehorigkeit einiger Einheimischen  zu der Bewegung Al Mourabitoun, die die  gegenwärtigen Grenzen nicht in Betracht ziehen, und die ihre eigene Tagesordnung der Kampfe haben. Sieh Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, den Tschad.
Außerdem gibt es im Südwesten des Landes sharawi  Flüchtlinglager aus dem Westlichem Sahara (praktisch ganze Städte, gut definiert, weil sie in  mehr als 40 Jahren gegrundet wurden), die,  die  marokkanische Herrschaft daneben nicht akzeptiert haben.

Algerien hat in diesem kalten Konflikt den Status des Gastlandes für Fluechtlinge deswegen, wird nicht vermutet, dass es den Westen saharieschen Rebelltruppen geholfen hätte. Algerien  hat einen Grenzkonflikt auch mit Libyen im ost-sudlichen Teil des Gebiets wegen Erdol und Gas, so wie mit Marokko entlang der Grenze im NV,  sudliches Gebiet, das den Atlas-Bergen beinahe ist.

Algeria- state from the north of Africa, in the region named Maghreb

 

Algeria- state from the north of Africa, in the region named Maghreb, part of which are also Morocco and Tunisia, has been confronting with a civil war for the past 20 years that pitted the Islamic fundamentalist movement the Islamic Salvation Front (they had as an objective the transformation of Algeria into an Islamic republic like Iran) against the governments instated by the National Liberation Front.

Although they won the 1991 elections, the ISF could not seize power because France’s and the EU’s interests in the petrol and especially the Algerian gas, but also in the political security of the area. A civil war between the ISF supporters and the government forces, causing over 200 000 casualties.

After 1999, with Abdelaziz Bouteflika winning the elections, guerilla groups were urged to lay down arms and until 2002, great efforts are made to lower the number of rebel forces and terrorist attacks.

Another sensitive moment for the frail Algerian democracy was the reformatory current induced by the Arab Spring beginning with 2011, which led to protests and riots whose impact was reduced by the intelligent measures taken by the government. This way, the destabilization of the state and the fall of the government, as it had happened in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, were avoided.

As Al Qaeda’s and ISIS’s power rise in the north of Africa, in Algeria appears the terrorist organization Al Mourabitoun, part of a larger group, the Islamic Maghreb, which announces its belonging to Al Qaeda. This rebel organization unleashes a series of terrorist attacks leading to hostage crisis on some oil installations in the south of Algeria, but also on some Sahel countries (Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger) which causes a temporary drought of gas deliveries and implicitly economy and finance problems.

These acts of terrorism, which affected the Maghreb society, lead to disequilibrium in the south of Algeria and the entire Sahara desert and worsened the relationship with its neighbors. Another reason for this is that in the Al Mourabitoun group exist Tuareg and Berber people that do not care about borders and have their own agenda in regards to armed guerilla warfare.

Also, in the west of the country exist Sahrawi refugee camps from West Sahara, better described as cities because they were founded over 40 years ago, that did not accept the Moroccan dominance in the neighboring state.

Algeria has in this ‘frozen’ conflict the statute of refugee country, not being suspected for helping the West Saharan troops. It also has a dispute over the border with Libya in the south west part of the country, as Libya claims that territory as its own due to the high oil and gas potential the region has, as well as with Morocco over the whole north west border, near the Atlas Mountain Range.  

Albanien- das Land befindet sich im westlichen Teil der Balkanhalbinsel

Albanien- das Land befindet sich im westlichen Teil der Balkanhalbinsel, hat  Ausgang auf die Adria und das Ionische Meer, und besetzt einen  komplexen geopolitischen Raum,  in dem die turkische Beherrschung und der Kommunismus  tiefe Spuren und große soziale problemen hinterlassen hat.

Nach der Besetzung der Region durch das Osmanische Reich im 15. Jahrhundert wechselt die Mehrheit der Bevolkerung die Religion zum Islam, und nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg wird es  zu einem kommunistischen Land, der stalinistischen Linie annehmend.

Es folgt eine Zeit der Isolation auf der internationalen Bühne, wenn Albanien der ärmste Staat in Europa wird, mit zahlreichen wirtschaftlichen Problemen und Korruption, alles fuhrt zu einer Destabilisierung des Landes. Die Entfernung von der Macht des kommunistischen Führers Enver Hoxha, lost im Jahr 1991 einen institutionellen Chaos aus.

Der Zusammenbruch der Pyramidenspiele  1997,fuhrt zu einem Bürgerkrieg ,der zum Tod von 1600 Menschen  und  mehr als 6000 Verwundete bringt.

Die tiefe Krise der albanischen Gesellschaft, wird durch die Tatsache akzentuiert, dass sich in der Provinz Kosava, bewohnt  80 % von ethnischen Albaner der muslimischen Religion, wahrend die serbische Minderheit der orthodoxen Religion ist,  eine terrrorostische Bewegung, namens UCK (Befreiungsarmee des Kosovo) entwickelt. 

Die Intervention der NATO 1999 fuhrt zu einer Welle der albanischen Flüchtlingen aus dem Kosovo, bei 450 000 Menschen bewertet,was Staatsprobleme, des Landes, wo bereits ein Anstieg von Gewalt und Anarchie fördert.

Die organisierte Kriminalität, Frauenhandel und Korruption machen  aus Albanien den Staat  mit  niedrigstem Wirtschaftswachstum in Europa in den ' 90en Jahren, mit den meisten Emigranten (besonders in Italien). Ihre Zahl wird auf 600 000 von 3,3 Millionen gesamte Bevolkerungszahl 1998 geschätzt.

Albanien hat die schwierigen Probleme von Ende 2000 überwunden und befindet sich heute unter den europäischen Staaten mit einem moderaten aber stetigen Anstieg in den letzten Jahren, mit einigen europäischen und transatlantischen (NATO-Mitgliedschaft und EU) Ambitionen die aber unzureichend administrativ und politisch sind. 

Albania- country situated in the west side of the Balkan Peninsula

 

Albania- country situated in the west side of the Balkan Peninsula near the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea, it occupies a complex geopolitical space where the ottoman rule left deep marks and the communism huge social problems.

After the ottoman occupation from the fifteenth century, the majority of the population turns to Islamism, but after WW2 it becomes a communist state.

 Following an isolation period, Albania becomes the poorest state in Europe, the problems created by this dictatorial regime having consequently destabilizing of the country. After Enver Hodja’s removal from power a civil war is began, leading to 1600 people dying and 6000 being injured.

The profound crisis of the Albanian society is accentuated by the fact that in the Kosovo province (inhabited by an 80% ratio of Muslim Albanians, considering that the Serbian population, a minority here, is of orthodox religion) the UCK (Kosovo Liberation Army) terrorist movement is initiating guerilla operations against the Serbian army and ethnics.

The NATO intervention from 1999 leads to the apparition of a wave of approximately 450 000 Albanian refugees in Kosovo, which amplifies Albania’s problems with an escalation of violence and chronical anarchy.

Organized crime, women trafficking and corruption make Albania the state with the lowest economic growth in Europe in the 90’s, the most emigrants, their number being estimated at 600 000 out of 3.3 million, the total population in 1998.

 Albania managed to overcome the difficult situation it was in during the late 00’s and it became one of the states with moderate growth in the last few years, having some European and transatlantic ambitions that aren’t administrated properly politically.

Südafrika-das Land befindet sich in der geografischen Region mit dem gleichen Namen

 

Südafrika-das  Land befindet sich  in der geografischen Region mit dem gleichen Namen, zwischen dem indiaschen Ozean und dem Atlantik, gilt heute als  meist reichster  und  entwickeltster afrikanischer Staat. Dieses Land  war 52  Jahre lang(zwischen 1945 und 1992) wegen der Apartheidpolitik( Rassentrennung der Schwarzen), das Ziel der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Embargos, seitens der internationalen Gemeinschaft.

Ab 1948 verschlechtert sich mit der  neuen   Macht des Premierministers Daniel F. Malan  die politische und soziale Situation der schwarzen Mehrheit, Politik, die die Rassenabsonderung des jungen Staates betont und beschleunigt.

Die schwarze  Bevölkerung, die im Grunde in einer modernen Sklaverei lebt, gruppiert sich um den Afrikanischen Nationalkongress, der unter der Leitung von Albert John Luthuli und Nelson Mandela ist. Er kämpft mit allen Mitteln um absolut grundsatzliche Rechte und Freiheiten zu erhalten.

Diese schweren,ungeregelten, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Situationen, die das südafrikanische soziale Umfeld verschlechtern, erzeugen als nächstes Spannung zwischen verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen. Einige  der blutigsten fanden in den frühen ' 90er Jahren statt.Gegner – die Anhänger des Afrikanischen Nationalkongresses, einen Zeitraum von Nelson Mandela,bantuursprunglich (einschließlich aus der Gefangenschaft) gefuhrt   und Inkatha-Anhänger zuluursprunglich  (das ist die größte ethnische Gruppe) mit Untergruppen, Kwazulu, Lebowa, Gazankulu Kwandbele, unter der Leitung von Mangosuthu Buthelezi.

Obwohl heute an der Macht, leidet die schwarze Bevölkerung immer noch unter  Armut und mangelnde Bildung, auch nach mehr als 20 Jahren seit dem Sturz des autoritären Regimes der weißen Bevölkerung. Der letzte weisse  Präsident war Frederik w. de Klerk 1993,der  zusammen mit Nelson Mandela, für Demokratisierungsbemühungen und die  Beseitigung der Apartheidsauswirkungen von dem Nobelpreiskomitee ausgezeichnet wurde.

Dieses absurde politische System ging so weit, bis zur Regelug der ,,auf welcher Seite der Straße Schwarze gehen mussen,, oder  die Markierung  der Zonen und Eingange, wo deren Zugang verboten war. Die Ausbeutung der schwarzen,  von der weißen Bevölkerung führte zu unzähligen Tragödien in Gold, Kohle oder Uranbergwerke, Tragödien die von niemandem  jemals ubernommen wurden. So wie nicht jeder, je für die Tausenden von Toten aus den Ghettos von Johannesburg, Drifted oder Pretoriei, antwortete ist die gegen das System und sogar heftig behauptet, Zugang zu Bildung, Gesundheit oder das Wahlrecht.

Die meisten AIDS-Patienten in Afrika, verzeichneten die '80, z. B. Großstädte in Südafrika. Zeichnen und den Massenmord an Khoikhoi (zusammen mit Gebüschmenschen sind indigene Bevölkerung aus den Wüstengebieten des südlichen Afrikas) von Buren (heute als Afrikaaner, Nachkommen der englischen, deutschen und niederländischen).

 

South Africa- state situated in the geographical region with the same name

 

South Africa- state situated in the geographical region with the same name between the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, considered nowadays the richest and most developed African country.

This state was for 52 (1945-1992) years the target of political and economical embargos because of the black racial segregation policy called apartheid.

Beginning in 1948, the political and social situation of the black majority aggravates as Prime Minister Daniel F. Malan comes into power. He accentuates the racist policy of the young state.

The discriminated part of the people, being in a state of modern slavery, group around the African National Congress organized and lead by Albert John Luthuli and Nelson Mandela and fight using all means to obtain equalitarian rights and fundamental liberties.

These living conditions that alter the south African social environment generate tensions between ethnic groups. The ones with the bloodiest outcomes took place around the 90’s when adepts of the African National Congress lead by Nelson Mandela of Bantu origin (other Bantu groups: Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Tsonga) were pitted against Inkatha followers of Zulu origin (this being the most numerous ethnicity) with its subgroups consisting of kwazulu, gazankulu, kwandbele and lebowa lead by Mangosuthu Buthelezi.

Although they are in power today, the black population still suffers from poverty and lack of education even 20 years after the fall of the white authoritarian regime. The last white president want Frederik W. de Klerk to whom the Nobel Prize for peace has been awarded in 1993 along with Nelson Mandela for their efforts to democratize and diminish the effects of the apartheid.

The absurdity of that political system went as far as to dictate which side of the street a black man was allowed to walk on or to areas where they were forbidden to go. The exploitation of the discriminated race lead to countless tragedies in the gold, coal or uranium mines for whom no one ever answered just like no one was ever held accountable for the murdered people in Johannesburg’s, Durban’s or Pretoria’s ghettos who were striving for access to the education and medical system and for voting rights. For example, the highest AIDS infection rate were recorded in the 80’s in the great African cities suburbs.

The extermination of the Khoikhoi population and Bushmens tribes (indigenous people in the desert areas of South Africa) by the Afrikaner is also worth mentioning.

Afghanistan –country situated between the Middle East and the Indian-Pakistani Space

Afghanistan –country situated between the Middle East and the Indian-Pakistani Space and named by Arnold Toynbee ‘crossroads of the ancient world’ thanks to its geopolitical position in the Greater Middle East.

 To its east lies the great Muslim neighbor Pakistan, where many Taliban afghan leaders took refuge, permanent source of Islamic fundamentalism. West of Afghanistan lies the Iran of Shia faith and north of it, the former soviet republics, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

A narrow territorial corridor called Wakhan assures an isolated and odd connection with China, just like the Namibian Caprivi Strip, both of them being inherited colonial creations which amplify the ethnic tensions more then they fix them, (see Namibia).

Afghanistan is shattered by numerous interethnic wars, especially after proclaiming its independence in 1919 when it becomes a monarchy. After 1973 when it declares itself a republic under the leadership of Muhammad Daud, Afghanistan becomes the scene of struggles for power between the Islamic conservatory parties and the reformatory ones backed up by the two great military powers (USSR and USA) from the 1980’s.

In 1979, the new president, Babrak Karmal solicits the intervention of the soviet army in order to fix the political situation in this country which was powerfully divided between tribes. The soviets’ involvement results in more chaos. They lose until 1988 (the year of their retreat) over 15 thousand troops and their ideological influence which they would have wanted to use in the region.

The civil war generates a race for arming the over 20 ethnical and religious groups in the region: Tajiks as well as Uzbeks and Turkmens in the north, Pashtuns and Hazara in the center, Baloch in the south and Hindus. These are helped by the US, which also support the Mujahedeen and Taliban. Hundreds of millions of dollars from CIA accounts went to the Tajik tribes from the further north and to the Pashtun, because they were the ones that fought with determination and success against the soviet troops.

 At the same time, the USSR supported the communist government, which has as consequences loss of human lives (1.5 million civils), 5 million refugees at the end of the soviet occupation spread all around Pakistan and Iran and huge material damage.

After the numerous peace treaties and the UN intervening end the war, power goes to the Mujahedeen and the radical Taliban that proclaim an Islamic republic with a harsh internal policy, which hinder fundamental rights and liberties.

The retreat of the soviets was the moment when things complicated because Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Israel started funding various ethnic groups. This allowed for the creation of small armies which proved to be hard to defeat in the USA’s war with the Taliban.

The association of the Taliban government with the Al Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden and the help given in the terrorist attacks in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, in 1998 and the WTC in 2001 gave birth to the USA’s violent answer and the foundation of a coalition against terrorism whose members span countries all over the world.

Nowadays, the government’s and the president’s authority (Hamid Karzai, the first one democratically elected followed by Ashraf Ghani in 2014) barely exceeds the Kabul’s margins. In other parts of the country, self-proclaimed regional rulers and members of the feared Panjshiri mafia (opium business, domain where the country is the world leader) have control over more than 80% of the territory.

The medium life expectancy in Afghanistan is 44 years, the urbanization rate is below 30% and in the UN’s Human Development Index this country is somewhere near the last places. Only a fifth of the population has access to potable water and the alphabetization rate is only 28%. All these elements signify a collapsing state because of the continuous wars in the last century.

According to the classification by Robert Cooper, Afghanistan is a pre-modern state, a kind of ‘terra nullius’ where the different ethnic and religious groups (see the Hazara people’s situation from the country’s center, religiously persecuted because of their belonging to the Sunni current) organize the land based on feudal principles.

This state’s conflict’s situation is an extremely volatile one, the Taliban insurgency still being very active (the last terrorist attacks from January 2018 with booby-trapped cars destabilize the country), the opium mafia being very strong and the Iran’s and Pakistan’s influence growing amongst the poor population.

President Ashraf Ghani is making constant appeals to the Taliban leader, Maulvi Haibatullah Akhunzadah regarding truces or peace negotiations, however they desire direct conversations with US officials, who they consider “foreign occupation’’. The civil war continues despite the timid democratic evolutions regarding free will and the creation of powerful institutions with the help of the coalition against terrorism  

The positive results of the measures taken by the aforementioned coalition lead by the United States are also visible. The medical and education systems look better now. Nearly 6 million refugees from the neighboring countries have returned to their homes; there exists a pretty strong, well-trained and equipped army and over 8 million children who go to school including 3 million girls.

Adjara- rather a territory with an autonomous statute, in Georgia

 

A republic or rather a territory with an autonomous statute, included in Georgia, situated in the south-west of this country at the border with Turkey. In it live mostly Adjarians, an ethnical branch of Muslim Georgians. 

The latent tensions between Adjara and the Tbilisi government reach a climax in 2003, after in power comes Mikhail Saakasvili who wants to shut down the corrupt regime imposed by the Adjarian leader Aslan Abasidze for the past 20 years.

The ruler of the self-proclaimed republic orders Adjarian militia to destroy three strategically placed bridges over the river Choloki that connected Adjara to Georgia in order to disrupt any physical or juridical tie to Georgia but this gesture brings the country on the verge of civil war.

The Adjarian separatist leader is forced by the Batumi demonstrations (the capital of the republic) from May 2004, which are orchestrated by the Georgian authorities, to run to Moscow, thereby reestablishing the constitutional order in the place, which wanted to become the second Abkhazia.

Even so, Adjara’s statute is still uncertain, the interreligious tensions remaining active, some influence groups form Ankara and Moscow having been accused of intervening in Georgia’s internal affairs.

Georgia is an unique case in the Caucasian region because it insists very much on Euro- Atlantic integration, on being accepted into NATO in spite of Russian threats.

Abchasien (Abkhazeti)-ist eine autonome Republik,die im nordwestlichen Teil von Georgien liegt

Abchasien (Abkhazeti) -  stellt die Art, der selbstständigen Einheit dar, die Russland  politisch und finanziell im ganzen Ex-sowjetischen Raum unterstützt, um unabhängige Staaten,die  im Jahr 1991 entstanden,  solide und demokratische Gesellschaften zu strukturieren, zu vermeiden, auch auf deren heterogenen ethnischen Hintergrund.

Abchasien ist eine autonome Republik,die im nordwestlichen Teil von  Georgien liegt, im Nordkaukasus, aber mit großer Öffnung zur Kolhida Ebene und mit Ausweg zum Schwarzmeer, im Westen.

Es ist die Art der Post-sowjetischen Region mit unsicherem Status, international  nur von Russland und Nicaragua anerkannt und die an Georgia im Süden und im Osten und an  Russland und  an die autonome Karaceaevo-tscherkessische Republik im Norden  grenzt.

 Abchasien ist eine autonome Republik, innerhalb der Georgischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik (Gruzine) bereits seit 1921; sie bildet die Szene eines Bürgerkrieges zwischen 1991-1994, in dem die Streitkräfte der neulich unabhangigen Georgiens,  von den abchasischen Rebellen, die durch russische Krafte aus Militärstützpunkte im Gebiet des Landes noch vorhanden unterstuzt werden, besiegt wurde.

Obwohl die Georgier in Abchasien in der sowjetischen Zeit, die Mehrheit bildeten,wurden nach dem Krieg  200 000 von ihnen gezwungen,das Land zu verlassen,  was die Ethno-linguistische Struktur der Republik, zu Gunsten der Abhazen,  von Georgier und Russen gefolgt, andert.

Nach 1994 blieb die Situation des Konflikts  ungeregelt-nach Transnistriens Modell-und das  macht dass in diesem Teil von Georgien,  keine zentrale Staatsbehörde existiert, so dass die Republick auf dem Prinzip „ der Staat im Staate ", vor allem nach der Unabhängigkeitserklärung vor Georgien im Jahr 1999  funktioniert,aber mit finanzieller Unterstützung von Moskau, in allen Bereichen, von Renten bis zu Investitionen, siehe Transnistrien, Moldawien. 

Im Jahr 2008 befiehlt der georgische Präsident Mikhail Saakashvili den georgische Streitstruppen,die staatliche Kontrolle über Abchasien und Südossetien wiederherzustellen;  nach dem  brutalen Eingreif der russischen Truppen ist aber die georgische Armee  gezwungen, sich aus diesen Gebieten, nur 6 Tage nach dem Beginn der Offensive zurückzuziehen.

 

Das Ergebnis ist, dass die beiden Republiken von der Russischen Föderation, mit dem Status  autonomer Republik innerhalb es, erkannnt werden. Sie repräsentieren Enklaven im georgischen  Gebiet, als  Teil des allgemeinen Plans, die kalten Konflikte-die Bestandteile der heutigen geo-politischen Sicherheitzone Russlands- zu behalten. Siehe Georgien.

Abkhazia- autonomous republic in the north-west side of Georgia

 

Abkhazia- represents the type of autonomous entity that the Russian Federation politically and financially supports. They do this in order to stop the independent states resulted in 1991 from structuring solid and democratic societies.

Abkhazia is an autonomous republic situated in the north-west side of Georgia, on the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, having the Black Sea to its west. Its two neighbors except for Georgia are Russia to its east and he Karachay-Cherkess Republic to its north.

Abkhazia is the type of post-soviet region with an uncertain statute, recognized worldwide only by Russia and Nicaragua. An autonomous republic included in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic ever since 1921, Abkhazia was the scene of a civil war between 1991 and 1994. During this conflict, armed Georgian forces are defeated by the Abkhazian rebels and the Russian troops from the remaining military bases. These bases are still on Georgia’s territory.

Although Georgians were the majority in Abkhazia during the soviet period, after the war 200 000 of them are forced to leave which modifies the ethnical structure of the republic in favor of the Abkhazians.

After 1994, the situation of the conflict remained politically unregulated which made for an inexistent governmental authority in this part of Georgia, this republic functioning on the ‘deep state’ principle. This happened after Abkhazia’s independence claim in 1999, the small state receiving financial support by Russia in all domains. (for ‘deep state’ see Transnistria, Moldavian Republic)

In 2008, the Georgian president Mikhail Saakasvili orders the Georgian military to retake governmental control over Abkhazia and South Ossetia, however the brutal intervention of the Russian troops in the two republics forces the Georgian’s soldiers to retreat from these territories only 6 days after the start of the offensive.

The two separatist states are recognized by the Russian Federation, being a part of it as autonomous republics. In fact, Abkhazia and South Ossetia represent enclaves on Georgia’s territory, being a part of a general strategical plan of maintaining some conflicts frozen. They guard Russia as a geopolitical shield, assuring much desired stability

Posibila Unire România-R. Moldova